当地时间5月17日,美国东北部名校哥伦比亚大学也举行了2023年毕业典礼。哥伦比亚大学校长李·卡罗尔·布林格(Lee Carroll Bollinger)发表毕业演说。
现年73岁的布林格于2002年开始担任哥伦比亚大学校长,迄今已经20余年,即将离任。这是他最后一次以哥伦比亚大学校长的身份发表毕业演讲。
在此次演讲中,布林格没有涉及“宏大叙事”的话题,而是围绕如何成为一个立足于当今世界的人,以及培养和发展什么样的个人品质展开。
他重点讲到,人类的本性并不是与生俱来的开放。即使专家,对自己和我们的世界也是所知甚少。要认识到自己巨大的无知,看到很多问题的复杂性,并保持个人的开放性!
尤其是在演讲的后半段给出的人生参考建议值得耐人寻味:
第一个建议,就是要时刻警惕那些把我们引入歧途的自然冲动。
我们会有自己的信仰,我们越是坚定地持有信仰,我们就越想保护它们免受矛盾和拒绝。
但我们的冲动是危险,我们不仅想要“反对”持反对意见者,我们还想和其他人一起感到这样做的正确性,“我们只会同意我们所同意的。”
换句话说,我们需要看到,我们的自然倾向是思想封闭,而不是开放。我们并非生来就相信言论自由或公开,我们必须学会改变这种状态。
“The first, and in many ways the most important, recommendation is to be constantly alert to our natural impulses that lead us astray … Not only do we want to “persecute” opposition, we also want to join with others in feeling fortified and righteous in doing so. We want to agree to agree. In other words, we need to see that our natural inclination is to be closed-minded, not open-minded. We are not born believing in free speech or openness. We have to learn to be this other way.”
第二,我认识到我们——即使是专家——实际上对自己和我们的世界所知甚少,正如这所大学作为人类知识宝库所证明的那样,知识是浩瀚而惊人的,但我们的无知却也大得多。
我喜欢并非常尊重专业知识,但你必须小心,不要让它吓到你。做到这一点的最好方法是探索我们共同的未知事物,因为这是我们发现共同人性的地方,也是新旧事物等待我们发现的地方。
“I think it’s helpful to develop a conscious awareness of how little we — even experts — actually know about ourselves and our world. Human knowledge is vast, and stupendous, as this University attests, as a repository of human knowledge. But our ignorance is far greater.”
第三,对于那些我们所做和能够知道的事情,我们必须始终尽可能深入地了解它们的复杂性。大脑会自然而然地简化事物,寻找并假设有答案。我总是告诉我的学生,要把我们学习的问题尽可能地复杂化。
“The mind naturally simplifies things, and looks for and assumes there are answers. Sometimes there are, but more often there are choices to be made. I tell my students to try to make the problems we study as complex as they can.”
第四,你必须让这种习惯成为你的一部分,一遍又一遍地做。说“保持开放”,就像对别人说“去弹钢琴吧”一样常见。
你必须努力学习,培养你的能力,获得敏捷和力量——这就是钢琴家学习音阶的原因,这些音阶代表着思想的开放。
如果你看到了反对开放的离心力,看到了前方的道路,你就会意识到这是只有通过持续的练习才会发生的事情——这是一种习惯。
“Once you see the centrifugal forces against openness, and you see the path ahead, you realize this is something that happens only by continuous practice; by habit. You have to make it a part of who you are, and do it over and over again.”
第五,当你与别人交谈时,这其实是一个很好的学习方式,你应该总是问更多的问题而不是回答。
每个人都能教给我们一些东西,一些独特的东西,你的任务就是找到它。问题与答案的比例至少保持在80%。
“You should always ask many more questions than give answers. Everyone has something to teach us, something of unique interest, and your task is always to find that. Keep the proportion of questions to answers at least at 80%.”
第六,试着这样做:当你遇到一个问题——一个理智的人不同意的问题时,想象你会提出的所有论点,直到没有其他更好选择的地步。
然后从头再来,想象你是另一个人,在你的脑海里把他们的论点都列出来。然后试着在你的头脑中同时记住这两个论点,这是很难做到的。
“Whenever you encounter an issue on which reasonable people disagree, imagine all the arguments you would make, until the point where no alternative seems possible. Then start all over, imagine you are the other person and make their arguments to the same end in your mind. And THEN try to hold both arguments in your head at once. This is very hard to do.”
第七,永远记住,生活中的问题可能结局不同,但其复杂性或多或少是相同的。
你的父母无疑会同意,决定送孩子去哪所学校可能和美国外交政策的任何问题一样令人烦恼。在任何情况下,都不要忽视做出“正确”决定的困难。
“Always remember that the problems of life may be different in consequences, but are more or less equal in complexity … Do not be dismissive of any opportunity to bear witness to the difficulties of making the “right” call under any circumstances.”
第八,请记住,敞开心扉不仅是通往真相和理解的途径,还有助于建立关系。
我很久以前就知道,在婚姻、家庭生活和友谊中,没有所谓的契约。当感情发生变化时,"但我们说好了"是没用的。
同理心是开放的一个分支,同理心对任何层次的关系都是至关重要的。
“Being open is not only a way to truth and understanding, but also helps build relationships. I learned a long time ago that in marriage, family life, and friendship there is no such thing as a contract (in the ordinary sense). 'But we agreed' does not work when feelings change. Empathy is a branch of openness, and empathy is crucial to any relationship at any level.”
第九,记录。问问你自己,我学到了什么,为什么我不明白,我在多大程度上遵循了自己的原则。
从研究人员到葡萄酒专家,每个人都知道,通过写下你的感受,你可以更好地理解你的体验,并为未来提供一个参考点。
“Ask yourself, what have I learned, why didn’t I understand that, and how well did I follow my principles. Everyone from researchers to wine experts knows that by writing down your impressions you understand your experience better and have a reference point for the future.”
最后,要知道年龄的增长会让这一切变得更容易。年龄越大,你就越不确定,你就越感激人类出于好奇心所做的一切。
年龄会帮助你走出困境,让你对自己和他人更有耐心,更愿意接受这个世界上令人困惑但又令人兴奋的奥秘。
"Know that aging makes it all much easier. The older you grow the less certain you are and the more you appreciate what humans have done with curiosity. Age will help you out, making you more patient with yourself and others, and more open to the baffling but exhilarating mysteries of the world.”